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Tuesday, 15 September 2015

URGENCY OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION FOR TEENS

Results of education and the provision of facilities to this at least in recorded history some developments in science and discovery by scientists-Muslim scientists. Some of these include: The field of medicine, the Muslims succeeded in developing a technique of anesthesia for the first time in the history of the world of medicine, developed the technique of operations, the establishment of hospitals, and medicines.
In chemistry, the Muslims introduced the term alkali, find ammonia, engineering distillation or refining, screening and sublimation, introducing sulfur and nitric acid, popularize glass and paper industry as well as other inventions.
Then, in the natural sciences, the discovery of the balance, the pendulum of a clock, the science of optics, and has been able to formulate the difference between the speed of light and the speed of sound, including the Muslims managed to find the magnetic compass technology to know direction of the wind. In mathematics, the Muslims succeeded in developing a decimal calculation and squares, as well as creating various formulas.
Including astronomy, the Muslims managed to build the observatory telescope in Baghdad, Damascus, Alexandria, and other places to observe the stars. While in geography, browse to the place that has not been in the know and make maps. Terrific once ya ..
Another great developments in the field of industrial and environmental maintenance are also inscribed by the Islamic civilization. In addition, the field of architecture, water delivery to homes, irrigation system to irrigate rice fields and so forth.
Therefore, do not be surprised if there is a worldwide leader commented, “The world owes a great deal to the Muslims who kept the torch of science in the dark ages …” This comment was said by CE Storrs.
All that happens when the Muslims, especially the youth cling to their religion and they believe that Islam is a source of strength and civilization that can generate a lot of progress in many areas of life, both material and spiritual. Everything is driven equally by scientists Muslims, not one-sided.
However, it seems there is something wrong in our education system, proved that occur in the field, namely the high-ranking State became ruler of wealth in a way that is unjust so as a result many poor people are always increased in each year. They are not stupid academically, writing an average of college graduates. But, because of the lack of religious knowledge and passion they who make them that way.
What’s wrong with all that? The answer is education must be repaired. Not that all this time we have one of the places we learned in education. But which one is the system. How theology under-emphasized. The proof that hour of religious instruction only two hours a week, while the science or social sciences could be four hours. Yet Allah has said in Surah Al-Mujadilah verse 11, which reads, “Allah will exalt those who believe among you and those who were given some degree of knowledge and God is aware of what you do”.
Therefore, the knowledgeable people must also understand Islamic education because we could be people who are not only academically clever. But also by faith, worship, and morals should be upheld to reflect the advantages of Islam.

6 environmental functions

United Kingdom language articles about the environment forest Function 6 Indonesia Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest forest area in the world and really do need conservation. It also comes with the forest management for nature conservation and ecological balance of the Earth. Various types of forest in Indonesia have a function as follows. Prevent erosion and landslides. The roots of the tree serves as a grain soil binder. With no forest, no rain fell to the ground but crashed into the surface of a leaf or absorbed into the ground. Store, organize, maintain the supply of water in the rainy season is also the dry season. Fertilize the soil, fallen leaves will decompose into humus soil. As economic resources. This can be utilized as a result of forest raw materials or raw materials for industry and buildings. For example, rattan, rubber and gutta-percha were used for crafts and building materials. As a source of plasma dutfah for diversity of forest ecosystems that allow for the development of genetic biodiversity. Reduce pollution against air pollution. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen needed by life.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONDUCTING STUDY ON SCHOOLS

Active Learning is a learning concept that is deemed in accordance with the demands of advanced learning. Therefore, every school should be able to implement and develop active learning as well as possible. With reference to the idea of the Center for Research and Ministry of National Curriculum (2010), the following is presented a number of indicators or characteristics of schools that have been carrying out an active learning process in terms of aspects: (a) the expectations of the school, creativity, and innovation; (b) human resources; (c) environmental, facility, and learning resources; and (d) the process of teaching-learning and assessment.

A. EXPECTATIONS SCHOOL, CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION

Achievement of learners with more emphasis on "generate" rather than "understand".School organizes the event 'competition' that educates and healthy.
Friendly school environment (eg no plants or trees, flowers po, trash)
Better yet, if there is a product / work of students who have artistic value and economic / capital for sale.
It is better if there is an exhibition of works of students within a certain time, for example once a year.
Works learners are more dominant than the installation of the various attributes of the school.
School life feels more lively, cheerful and carefree.
School neat, clean, and orderly.
School community mannered, disciplined and friendly.
Animo go to school is increasing.
Schools apply to receive a special selection of new learners.
There are forums channeling complaints learners.
School climate more democratic.
Held competitions between classes regularly and at the secondary level there are competitions of scientific works of students.
There are visits to learning resources in the community.
Learning activities on the syllabus and lesson plans emphasizing the active involvement of learners.
Learners know and can explain about the school environment (eg, teacher's name, the name of the principal, and the common things in the school).
There is an internal training program of teachers (in-house training) on a regular basis.
There is a forum discussion or consultation between principals and teachers and other education personnel on a regular basis.
There is a program brainstorm, discussion or consultation with partners from the various parties involved (stakeholders)....

B. HUMAN RESOURCES

The school principal concerned and make time to receive complaints and suggestions from students and teachers.
Open school principal in management, particularly financial management to teachers and parents / school committee.
Teachers act as facilitators in the learning process.Teachers familiar with the names of learners.
Teachers open to students in terms of valuation.
The attitude of friendly and smiling teachers to students, and there was no physical violence and verbal to the learners.
Teachers are always trying to find new ideas in managing and developing classroom learning activities.
Teachers show a gesture of affection to students.
Learners much observation in the neighborhood and sometimes learning outside the classroom.
Learners dared to ask the teacher.
Learners bold in expressing their opinions.
Learners do not be afraid to communicate with the teacher.
The students work together regardless of ethnicity, race, class, and religion.
Learners are not afraid of the principal.
Learners are pleased to read in the library, and there are behaviors tend to scramble want to read the book when it comes mobile library.
More untapped potential of learners as well as the interests and talents of learners more easily detected.
Expression learners seemed happy in the learning process.
Learners are often put forward the idea of the learning process.
Attention learners are not easily distracted to people / guests who come to the school.

C. ENVIRONMENT, FACILITIES, AND RESOURCES

Learning resources in the school environment utilized learners to learn.
There is a wall-run magazine learners are periodically replaced with a new work of learners.
In the room at the school, there is a display of the work of learners.
No props stacked practices in the principal's office or other space to dusty.
The books are not stacked in the principal's office or in another room.
Frequency of visits of students to the school library to read / borrow books high enough.
In every class there is a display of the work of the new learners.
There is a varied learning tool.
Use a variety of learning resources.
D. LEARNING-TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT

At a certain level of integration in the approach applied learning activities antarmata relevant subjects.
There appears to be working teachers to teachers for the benefit of the learning process.
In assessing the progress of learning outcomes teachers use a variety of ways according to the indicators of competence. When the demands of doing a performance indicator, which assessed performance. When the demands of indicators relating to understanding concepts used are written assessment tool. When the indicator includes an element of investigation demands, assignments (projects) that were assessed. When the demands of the indicator to produce a 3-dimensional product, both the manufacturing process and quality, assessed the manufacturing process or product.
There is no general tests together, both at the level of the school and the area, in the middle of the semester and / or the end of the semester, because the teacher has to recognize the conditions of learners through the diagnosis and has made improvements or enrichment based on the diagnosis of the condition of the learners.
Model report card gives room to express descriptively already mastered the competencies of students and yet, so it can be known what is needed learners.
Teachers make an assessment when the teaching-learning process takes place. This is done to discover the difficulties of learning and achievement possibilities that could develop learners as well as diagnostic tools to determine whether learners have to perform remediation or enrichment.
Using the assessment criteria of reference, in which the achievement of the ability of learners do not compare to the ability of learners to another, but compared to the competence itself, before and after the study.
Determination of criteria for completeness study submitted to the teacher to control the achievement of certain competencies of learners. Thus, as early as possible teachers can identify the weaknesses and the success of the participants in a particular competency.

SMOKING IN THE MORNING

Smoking in the morning

Especially accompanied by a cup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck and head. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body. They are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so after waking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine. To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning. The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lung cancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour. The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smoked but did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wake up 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour. The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who wait at least an hour.

GLOBAL WARNING

Global Warming and the solutions

Global Warming became the most hot issue in entire the world. The effect of Global Warming is very dangerous for the environment. But, there are still a lot of people who think about the global warming as just the issue and it is never make an effect to our Earth in the future. Though, there are a lot of signs from the nature that arise as the bad effect of Global warming.

The increasing sea levels has been occured in many areas in this world. This increase happened because of the melting of the ice in the north polar. It cause of the world too hot, and make the ice in the north polar become melting. Beside of that, we can see a lot of hurricanes, thunders, and tornado in the world with easily. Global Warming make the farms get the failure and it make reduce the foods supplies.

The cause of global warming

Generally, there are a lot of reasons that can make global warming. The use of excessive fossil fuels too much because of the vehicles are increasing is the main reason. Besides that, livestock and agriculture also have contribution such as using excessive methane gas as the fertilizers.

The chemicals in fertilizers can not only damage the air lining, but also the waters, soils, and production of the food. Besides that, the reasons why global warming happen is because the factor of deforestation (land clearing) in big scale to make the public facilities, such as road, school, hospital, and another buildings.

The solutions to minimize global warming

To reduce the effect of global warming which happened, you can try to do these tips: First, choose the energy saving lamps as the lighting in your house. Energy saving lamps have more expensive than the general lamps, but the energy which is needed to light up is smaller than general lamps. Beside of that, this lamp is more durable.

Second, do not forget to turn off the lamps when they were not in use again. When paying the bills, you will choose to pay online. This method is more econimal than pay directly. You can reduce the using paper which is used as noted invoice. You can save the fuels of your vehicles because you are not need to use your vehicles as when pay directly.

Third, laptops and computer are the most things which is used in daily in every house. You should turn off this device when they are not in use too. And You can choose to do not use the screen saver to save the energy.

Fourth, when shopping, you should bring your own bag which is made from the cloth. Avoid to use plastic bags which is given by the supermarket. Plastic is a material that is difficult to be processed naturally by the environment. It took hundred years to make it decomposed.

Fifth, to have friendly environment, you can use bicycle which will good for your healthy too. In addition, you must keep the condition of tap in your house in good condition. From a lot of researches, broken taps can make the a lot of litter waters wasted in vain. Though, amount of the waters in the Earth is not much anymore. The last, always try to fill your courtyard with the trees. Tree can release oxygens which can make the air become fresh.

HEALTH

Beware of Ebola EpidemicRecently, Ebola epidemic that attacks the West African region, causing the world’s attention. WHO has released the data, there are at least 800 people who died after the Ebola virus. This disease has a very high mortality rate, 90 percent of patients died. Unfortunately, vaccine or drug to cure Ebola still haven’t found yet.

The Ebola virus was first discovered in Africa in 1976. Originally, the virus only attacks primates such as monkeys and apes. But now, it has evolved into dangerous disease because the ebola is transmitted to humans. This year, the Ebola virus is raging, the number of deaths has been increased two times more than in 1976.

The increasing case of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in the 2014 caused anxiety. Ebola virus which attacks the body’s defense system is similar with the HIV virus. Early symptoms are similar to flu symptoms such as high fever, body weakness, muscle pain and headache.The Most Deadly Virus

What makes Ebola virus became so dangerous is its ability to breed. This virus can agglutinate blood cells, then this condition can inhibit blood flowing to other organs. If the organs lack of blood, it will cause some damages. After attacking the blood, ebola virus also attacks other organs, such as kidney, brain, intestine, liver and so on. Many of ebola patients died because of kidney failure.

Very Fast Transmission

Ebola virus transmission can occur from a contact of body fluids, blood, and all the things that have been used by patient. Therefore, ebola patients must be isolated in order to avoid a direct contact with other people. The medical teams who handle the patients also have to wear special cloth in order to prevent the spread of the virus. Currently, a citizen of the United States has been infected with ebola. Indonesian Health Ministry itself has issued a travel warning for the people who will visit the countries of Guinea, Sierra and Liberia.

There are some ways to prevent the ebola virus. We have to keep clean and do not make direct contact with patients. Hopefully soon, vaccines and drugs will be discovered so the number of dead can be decreased.

URGENCY OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION FOR TEENS

Education is an important factor for the progress of a nation, because it is said to be successful if the next generation of quality and quality so as to produce an advanced state order in all aspects.
Results of education and the provision of facilities to this at least in recorded history some developments in science and discovery by scientists-Muslim scientists. Some of these include: The field of medicine, the Muslims succeeded in developing a technique of anesthesia for the first time in the history of the world of medicine, developed the technique of operations, the establishment of hospitals, and medicines.
In chemistry, the Muslims introduced the term alkali, find ammonia, engineering distillation or refining, screening and sublimation, introducing sulfur and nitric acid, popularize glass and paper industry as well as other inventions.
Then, in the natural sciences, the discovery of the balance, the pendulum of a clock, the science of optics, and has been able to formulate the difference between the speed of light and the speed of sound, including the Muslims managed to find the magnetic compass technology to know direction of the wind. In mathematics, the Muslims succeeded in developing a decimal calculation and squares, as well as creating various formulas.
Including astronomy, the Muslims managed to build the observatory telescope in Baghdad, Damascus, Alexandria, and other places to observe the stars. While in geography, browse to the place that has not been in the know and make maps. Terrific once ya ..
Another great developments in the field of industrial and environmental maintenance are also inscribed by the Islamic civilization. In addition, the field of architecture, water delivery to homes, irrigation system to irrigate rice fields and so forth.
Therefore, do not be surprised if there is a worldwide leader commented, “The world owes a great deal to the Muslims who kept the torch of science in the dark ages …” This comment was said by CE Storrs.
All that happens when the Muslims, especially the youth cling to their religion and they believe that Islam is a source of strength and civilization that can generate a lot of progress in many areas of life, both material and spiritual. Everything is driven equally by scientists Muslims, not one-sided.
However, it seems there is something wrong in our education system, proved that occur in the field, namely the high-ranking State became ruler of wealth in a way that is unjust so as a result many poor people are always increased in each year. They are not stupid academically, writing an average of college graduates. But, because of the lack of religious knowledge and passion they who make them that way.
What’s wrong with all that? The answer is education must be repaired. Not that all this time we have one of the places we learned in education. But which one is the system. How theology under-emphasized. The proof that hour of religious instruction only two hours a week, while the science or social sciences could be four hours. Yet Allah has said in Surah Al-Mujadilah verse 11, which reads, “Allah will exalt those who believe among you and those who were given some degree of knowledge and God is aware of what you do”.
Therefore, the knowledgeable people must also understand Islamic education because we could be people who are not only academically clever. But also by faith, worship, and morals should be upheld to reflect the advantages of Islam.

Human

Humans is the grows from time to time Come from the kingdom Animalia, In class Mammalia, and Family Hominida. Included in the order in Primates in Genus Homo, and in Homo Sapiens Species. This is the scientific classification of human. Homo sapiens is found in years before now, exactly in 1758.

Modern human has a unique and greater part of body than primates or any human before recent years. We are the only extant members of the homonym clade. The only things that make human different from animals is brain and feeling.

The human has an unique brain which can solve any problem the human faces. The scientist found that the evolutionary success that human’s brain grows bigger and bigger. So that is why our brain is larger than before. The others great news is we have prefrontal cortex, a particularly well-developed neocortex, and temporal lobes which is as the why human can has levels of abstract reasoning, problem solving, language, sociality, and culture.

Human use any tools higher and better than any animals in the world. Other unique things of humans are they can adept on utilizing aome systems of symbolic communication. The communication can be language and art for the as well as they can have self-expression.

Humans can also create a complex structure of sociality like groups such as family and also kinship networks. The interaction between human to human will form a values like social norms, rituals, and any activity they made. This phenomena has been running since the thousands or million years ago.

3 Ways to Treat an Air Conditioner in Avoiding Disease

When you use a home air conditioner, do not forget to take care of on a regular basis. Because when AC is not treated regularly and carefully, it will have a bad air and becomes a place to spread the disease. The dirty AC can store a variety of viruses and bacteria that continuously spread throughout the room. It also enters into the smell of the inhabitants. As a result, the occupant will experience pain or repeated infections. The following treatments below should you do in order to make AC work optimally and be durable.

Do not forget to turn off the AC

When traveling or in a space that is not used, do not forget to turn off AC. If the air is not too hot, try to shut down about one or two hours a day. If necessary use a reminder or timer contained in the AC facility. When the air conditioner is turned off, open the windows and doors widely so that there is an air exchange.

Clean the AC regularly

Check the filter components on the air conditioning, at least once a month. A dirty air filter will hinder the air circulation and being a comfortable place for germs, bacteria, and fungi. Bacteria are what will flow to the evaporator coil (evaporator coil) and then spread back across the room. The dirty AC components can affect the performance of the cooling system becomes more severe, so it does not produce the maximum cold and wasteful.

Selective in use

Minimize the potential health problems with the use of air conditioning as selective as possible. Because, if in the same room there is a family member which is sick, viruses and bacteria can be spread through the air helped. So when a family member is sick with the flu, for example, try using the AC to a minimum. This advice also applies if there is one family member who smoked in the room or when the middle of the room and furniture cleaned.

How to Solve Eating Difficulty in Children

How to Solve Eating Difficulty in Children?

Eating difficulty is an issue that is so fundamental and often case to children. Sometimes, when a child is so difficult to chew food invited to make us frustrated. Since then, usually we will try a variety of ways like providing herbal appetite enhancers and hunting child’s favorite foods every day. The matters the child eating disorder also intrigued our interest to make an article about tips to overcome the difficult child to eat. Here are the details.

Serve meals with small portions

Maybe the kid does not like the size of your portions that so reluctant to eat the food there. Many children are ilfeel after seeing a sizable portion. So, try to give a little so that they can eat faster and do not get bored in spend food.

Get together with family

Do not let children eat alone and we need to create an atmosphere of togetherness when the child was time to eat. For example, you and your husband are on the table then eat foods together. With the atmosphere of togetherness, then the child’s appetite will occur slowly.

Provide healthy snacks

One of the things that concern by parents is the development of the child if he did not want to eat. Of course, when children are fussy eaters then its growth will be stunted and not as friends. One of the best ways to keep it is to try to give nutritional healthy snack. Give interesting snacks such as nuts, dried fruits, and nutritious bread.

Variety of food and a nice appearance

Perhaps, he needs a variety of foods that your appetite he has incurred. For example, you could give spinach on the first day, broccoli on the second day, and chicken-based dishes in the next day. Variety of foods is a very important thing to prevent children from boredom and the desire not to eat.

However, there is one more thing that could trigger a child’s appetite, which is an interesting food dish. For example, you can cook carrots to form a star or a unique object. Children will be attracted by the shape and believed to increase appetite. Hopefully, some difficulty eating kids tips above can help you.

Saturday, 12 September 2015

topologi jaringan

Home » Jaringan » Topologi Jaringan Komputer Lengkap dengan Gambar

Topologi Jaringan Komputer Lengkap dengan Gambar

Diposkan oleh Muchammad Zakaria

Pada saat kita ingin melakukan instalasi jaringan komputer, terlebih dahulu kita harus memperhatikan bentuk/ struktur topologi yang dipakai.

Nah, artikel kali ini membahas tentang topologi jaringan pada komputer secara lengkap dan komplit.

Topologi jaringan sendiri merupakan suatu bentuk/ struktur jaringan yang menghubungkan antar komputer satu dengan yang lain dengan menggunakan media kabel maupun nirkabel.

Dalam instalasi jaringan, kita harus benar-benar memperhatikan jenis, kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing topologi jaringan yang akan kita gunakan. Berikut jenis-jenis topologi jaringan beserta kelebihan dan kekurangannya :

1. Topologi Bus

Topologi bus bisa dibilang topologi yang cukup sederhana dibanding topologi yang lainnya. Topologi ini biasanya digunakan pada instalasi jaringan berbasis fiber optic, kemudian digabungkan dengan topologi star untuk menghubungkan client atau node.

Topologi bus hanya menggunakan sebuah kabel jenis coaxial disepanjang node client dan pada umumnya, ujung kabel coaxial tersebut biasanya diberikan T konektor sebagai kabel end to end .

Kelebihan Topologi Bus :

Biaya instalasi yang bisa dibilang sangat murah karena hanya menggunakan sedikit kabel.
Penambahan client/ workstation baru dapat dilakukan dengan mudah.
Topologi yang sangat sederhana dan mudah di aplikasikan

Kekurangan Topologi Bus :

Jika salah satu kabel pada topologi jaringan bus putus atau bermasalah, hal tersebut dapat mengganggu komputer workstation/ client yang lain.
Proses sending (mengirim) dan receiving (menerima) data kurang efisien, biasanya sering terjadi tabrakan data pada topologi ini.
Topologi yang sangat jadul dan sulit dikembangkan.

2. Topologi Star

Topologi star atau bintang merupakan salah satu bentuk topologi jaringan yang biasanya menggunakan switch/ hub untuk menghubungkan client satu dengan client yang lain.

Kelebihan Topologi Star

Apabila salah satu komputer mengalami masalah, jaringan pada topologi ini tetap berjalan dan tidak mempengaruhi komputer yang lain.
Bersifat fleksibel
Tingkat keamanan bisa dibilang cukup baik daripada topologi bus.
Kemudahan deteksi masalah cukup mudah jika terjadi kerusakan pada jaringan.

Kekurangan Topologi Star

Jika switch/ hub yang notabenya sebagai titik pusat mengalami masalah, maka seluruh komputer yang terhubung pada topologi ini juga mengalami masalah.
Cukup membutuhkan banyak kabel, jadi biaya yang dikeluarkan bisa dibilang cukup mahal.
Jaringan sangat tergantung pada terminal pusat.

3. Topologi Ring

Topologi ring atau cincin merupakan salah satu topologi jaringan yang menghubungkan satu komputer dengan komputer lainnya dalam suatu rangkaian melingkar, mirip dengan cincin. Biasanya topologi ini hanya menggunakan LAN card untuk menghubungkan komputer satu dengan komputer lainnya.

Kelebihan Topologi Ring :

Memiliki performa yang lebih baik daripada topologi bus.
Mudah diimplementasikan.
Konfigurasi ulang dan instalasi perangkat baru bisa dibilang cukup mudah.
Biaya instalasi cukup murah

Kekurangan Topologi Ring :

Kinerja komunikasi dalam topologi ini dinilai dari jumlah/ banyaknya titik atau node.
Troubleshooting bisa dibilang cukup rumit.
Jika salah satu koneksi putus, maka koneksi yang lain juga ikut putus.
Pada topologi ini biasnaya terjadi collision (tabrakan data).

4. Topologi Mesh

Topologi mesh merupakan bentuk topologi yang sangat cocok dalam hal pemilihan rute yang banyak. Hal tersebut berfungsi sebagai jalur backup pada saat jalur lain mengalami masalah.

Kelebihan Topologi Mesh :

Jalur pengiriman data yang digunakan sangat banyak, jadi tidak perlu khawatir akan adanya tabrakan data (collision).
Besar bandwidth yang cukup lebar.
Keamanan pada topologi ini bisa dibilang sangat baik.

Kekurangan Topologi Mesh :

Proses instalasi jaringan pada topologi ini sangatlah rumit.
Membutuhkan banyak kabel.
Memakan biaya instalasi yang sangat mahal, dikarenakan membutuhkan banyak kabel.

5. Topologi Peer to Peer

Topologi peer to peer merupakan topologi yang sangat sederhana dikarenakan hanya menggunakan 2 buah komputer untuk saling terhubung. Pada topologi ini biasanya menggunakan satu kabel yang menghubungkan antar komputer untuk proses pertukaran data.

Kelebihan Topologi Peer to Peer

Biaya yang dibutuhkan sangat murah.
Masing-masing komputer dapat berperan sebagai client maupun server.
Instalasi jaringan yang cukup mudah.

Kekurangan Topologi Peer to Peer

Keamanan pada topologi jenis ini bisa dibilang sangat rentan.
Sulit dikembangkan.
Sistem keamanan di konfigurasi oleh masing-masing pengguna.
Troubleshooting jaringan bisa dibilang rumit.

6. Topologi Linier

Topologi linier atau biasaya disebut topologi bus beruntut. Pada topologi ini biasanya menggunakan satu kabel utama guna menghubungkan tiap titik sambungan pada setiap komputer.

Kelebihan Topologi Linier

Mudah dikembangkan.
Membutuhkan sedikit kabel.
Tidak memperlukan kendali pusat.
Tata letak pada rangkaian topologi ini bisa dibilang cukup sederhana.

Kekurangan Topologi Linier

Memiliki kepadatan lalu lintas yang bisa dibilang cukup tinggi.
Keamanan data kurang baik.

7. Topologi Tree

Topologi tree atau pohon merupakan topologi gabungan antara topologi star dan juga topologi bus. Topologi jaringan ini biasanya digunakan untuk interkoneksi antar sentral dengan hirarki yang berbeda-beda.

Kelebihan Topologi Tree

Susunan data terpusat secara hirarki, hal tersebut membuat manajemen data lebih baik dan mudah.
Mudah dikembangkan menjadi jaringan yang lebih luas lagi.

Kekurangan Topologi Tree

Apabila komputer yang menduduki tingkatan tertinggi mengalami masalah, maka komputer yang terdapat dibawahnya juga ikut bermasalah
Kinerja jaringan pada topologi ini terbilang lambat.
Menggunakan banyak kabel dan kabel terbawah (backbone) merupakan pusat dari teknologi ini.

8. Topologi Hybrid

Topologi hybrid merupakan topologi gabungan antara beberapa topologi yang berbeda. Pada saat dua atau lebih topologi yang berbeda terhubung satu sama lain, disaat itulah gabungan topologi tersebut membentuk topologi hybrid.

Kelebihan Topologi Hybrid

Freksibel
Penambahan koneksi lainnya sangatlah mudah.

Kekurangan Topologi Hybrid

Pengelolaan pada jaringan ini sangatlah sulit.
Biaya pembangunan pada topologi ini juga terbilang mahal.
Instalasi dan konfigurasi jaringan pada topologi ini bisa dibilang cukup rumit, karena terdapat topologi yang berbeda-beda.

Kesimpulan

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Tuesday, 8 September 2015

sejarah kompter

Wednesday, 2 September 2015

processing

output komputer

MACAM - MACAM OUTPUT DEVICE (PERANGKAT KELUARAN) PADA KOMPUTER

input komputer

Alat Input Komputer

Perangkat Keras Komputer – Input Device

A. Perangkat Keras dan Fungsinya

Secara fisik, Komputer terdiri dari beberapa komponen yang merupakan suatu sistem. Sistem adalah komponen-komponen yang saling bekerja sama membentuk suatu kesatuan. Apabila salah satu komponen tidak berfungsi, akan mengakibatkan tidak berfungsinya suatu komputer dengan baik. Komponen komputer ini termasuk dalam kategori elemen perangkat keras (hardware). Berdasarkan fungsinya, perangkat keras komputer dibagi menjadi :
1. input divice (unit masukan)
2. Process device (unit Pemrosesan)
3. Output device (unit keluaran)
4. Backing Storage ( unit penyimpanan)
5. Periferal ( unit tambahan)

komponen dasar komputer yang terdiri dari input, process, output dan storage. Input device terdiri dari keyboard dan mouse, Process device adalah microprocessor (ALU, Internal Communication, Registers dan control section), Output device terdiri dari monitor dan printer, Storage external memory terdiri dari harddisk, Floppy drive, CD ROM, Magnetic tape. Storage internal memory terdiri dari RAM dan ROM. Sedangkan komponen Periferal Device merupakan komponen tambahan atau sebagai komponen yang belum ada atau tidak ada sebelumnya. Komponen Periferal ini contohnya : TV Tuner Card, Modem, Capture Card.

1. Unit Masukan ( Input Device )
Unit ini berfungsi sebagai media untuk memasukkan data dari luar ke dalam suatu memori dan processor untuk diolah guna menghasilkan informasi yang diperlukan. Input devices atau unit masukan yang umumnya digunakan personal computer (PC) adalah keyboard dan mouse, keyboard dan mouse adalah unit yang menghubungkan user (pengguna) dengan komputer. Selain itu terdapat joystick, yang biasa digunakan untuk bermain games atau permainan dengan komputer. Kemudian scanner, untuk mengambil gambar sebagai gambar digital yang nantinya dapat dimanipulasi. Touch panel, dengan menggunakan sentuhan jari user dapat melakukan suatu proses akses file. Microphone, untuk merekam suara ke dalam komputer.
Input device berfungsi sebagai media untuk memasukkan data dari luar sistem ke dalam suatu memori dan processor untuk diolah dan menghasilkan informasi yang diperlukan. Data yang dimasukkan ke dalam sistem komputer dapat berbentuk signal input dan maintenance input. Signal input berbentuk data yang dimasukkan ke dalam sistem komputer, sedangkan maintenance input berbentuk program yang digunakan untuk mengolah data yang dimasukkan. Jadi Input device selain digunakan untuk memasukkan data dapat pula digunakan untuk memasukkan program. Berdasarkan sifatnya, peralatan input dapat digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu :
• Peratalan input langsung, yaitu input yang dimasukkan langsung diproses oleh alat pemroses. Contohnya : keyboard, mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer graphics tablet, scanner.
• Peralatan input tidak langsung, input yang melalui media tertentu sebelum suatu input diproses oleh alat pemroses. Contohnya : punched card, disket, harddisk.
Unit masukan atau peralatan input ini terdiri dari beberapa macam peranti yaitu :

a. Keyboard
Keyboard merupakan unit input yang paling penting dalam suatu pengolahan data dengan komputer. Keyboard dapat berfungsi memasukkan huruf, angka, karakter khusus serta sebagai media bagi user (pengguna) untuk melakukan perintah-perintah lainnya yang diperlukan, seperti menyimpan file dan membuka file. Penciptaan keyboard komputer berasal dari model mesin ketik yang diciptakan dan dipatentkan oleh Christopher Latham pada tahun 1868, Dan pada tahun 1887 diproduksi dan dipasarkan oleh perusahan Remington. Keyboard yang digunakanan sekarang ini adalah jenis QWERTY, pada tahun 1973, keyboard ini diresmikan sebagai keyboard standar ISO (International Standar Organization). Jumlah tombol pada keyboard ini berjumlah 104 tuts. Keyboard sekarang yang kita kenal memiliki beberapa jenis port, yaitu port serial, ps2, usb dan wireless.

Jenis-Jenis Keyboard :
1.) QWERTY
2.) DVORAK
3.) KLOCKENBERG

Keyboard yang biasanya dipakai adalah keyboard jenis QWERTY, yang bentuknya ini mirip seperti tuts pada mesin tik. Keyboard QWERTY memiliki empat bagian yaitu :
1. typewriter key
2. numeric key
3. function key
4. special function key.

1. Typewriter Key
Tombol ini merupakan tombol utama dalam input. Tombol ini sama dengan tuts pada mesin tik yang terdiri atas alphabet dan tombol lainnya sebagaimana berikut :

• Back Space
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk menghapus 1 character di kiri cursor
• Caps Lock
Bila tombol ini ditekan, maka lampu indikator caps lock akan menyala, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa huruf yang diketik akan menjadi huruf besar atau Kapital, bila lampu indicator caps lock mati, maka huruf akan menjadi kecil.
• Delete
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk menghapus 1 karakter pada posisi cursor
• Esc
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk membatalkan suatu perintah dari suatu menu.
• End
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk memindahkan cursor ke akhir baris/halaman/lembar kerja
• Enter
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk berpindah ke baris baru atau untuk melakukan suatu proses perintah.
• Home
Untuk menuju ke awal baris atau ke sudut kiri atas layar
• Insert
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk menyisipkan character.
• Page Up
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk meggerakan cursor 1 layar ke atas
• Page Down
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk Menggerakkan cursor 1 layar ke bawah
• Tab
Tombol ini berfungsi untuk memindahkan cursor 1 tabulasi ke kanan.

2. Numeric Key
Tombol ini terletak di sebelah kanan keyboard. tombol ini terdiri atas angka dan arrow key. Jika lampu indikator num lock menyala maka tombol ini berfungsi sebagai angka. Jika lampu indikator num lock mati maka tombol ini berfungsi sebagai arrow key.

3. Function Key
Tombol ini terletak pada baris paling atas, tombol fungsi ini ini terdiri dari F1 s/d F12. Fungsi tombol ini berbeda-beda tergantung dari program komputer yang digunakan.

4. Special Function Key
Tombol ini terdiri atas tombol Ctrl, Shift, dan Alt. Tombol akan mempunyai fungsi bila ditekan secara bersamaan dengan tombol lainnya. Misalnya, untuk memblok menekan bersamaan tombol shift dan arrow key, untuk menggerakan kursor menekan bersamaan ctrl dan arrow key.

b. Mouse

Mouse adalah salah unit masukan (input device). Fungsi alat ini adalah untuk perpindahan pointer atau kursor secara cepat. Selain itu, dapat sebagai perintah praktis dan cepat dibanding dengan keyboard. Mouse mulai digunakan secara maksimal sejak sistem operasi telah berbasiskan GUI (Graphical User Interface). sinyal-sinyal listrik sebagai input device mouse ini dihasilkan oleh bola kecil di dalam mouse, sesuai dengan pergeseran atau pergerakannya. Sebagian besar mouse terdiri dari tiga tombol, umumnya hanya dua tombol yang digunakan yaitu tombol kiri dan tombol kanan. Saat ini mouse dilengkapi pula dengan tombol penggulung (scroll), dimana letak tombol ini terletak ditengah. Istilah penekanan tombol kiri disebut dengan klik (Click) dimana penekanan ini akan berfungsi bila mouse berada pada objek yang ditunjuk, tetapi bila tidak berada pada objek yang ditunjuk penekanan ini akan diabaikan. Selain itu terdapat pula istilah lainnya yang disebut dengan menggeser (drag) yaitu menekan tombol kiri mouse tanpa melepaskannya dengan sambil digeser. Drag ini akan mengakibatkan objek akan berpindah atau tersalin ke objek lain dan kemungkinan lainnya. Penekanan tombol kiri mouse dua kali secara cepat dan teratur disebut dengan klik ganda (double click) sedangkan menekan tombol kanan mouse satu kali disebut dengan klik kanan (right click)Mouse terdiri dari beberapa port yaitu mouse serial, mouse ps/2, usb dan wireless.

Gambar 2.12 Mouse Wireless

c. Touchpad
Unit masukkan ini biasanya dapat kita temukan pada laptop dan notebook, yaitu dengan menggunakan sentuhan jari. Biasanya unit ini dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti mouse. Selain touchpad adalah model unit masukkan yang sejenis yaitu pointing stick dan trackball.

Touch Pad Track Ball Pointing Stick

d. Light Pen
Light pen adalah pointer elektronik yang digunakan untuk modifikasi dan men-design gambar dengan screen (monitor). Light pen memiliki sensor yang dapat mengirimkan sinyal cahaya ke komputer yang kemudian direkam, dimana layar monitor bekerja dengan merekam enam sinyal elektronik setiap baris per detik.

Gambar Light Pen

e. Joy Stick dan Games Paddle
Alat ini biasa digunakan pada permainan (games) komputer. Joy Stick biasanya berbentuk tongkat, sedangkan games paddle biasanya berbentuk kotak atau persegi terbuat dari plastik dilengkapi dengan tombol-tombol yang akan mengatur gerak suatu objek dalam komputer.

Gambar Joy Stick dan Paddle Games

f. Barcode
Barcode termasuk dalam unit masukan (input device). Fungsi alat ini adalah untuk membaca suatu kode yang berbentuk kotak-kotak atau garis-garis tebal vertical yang kemudian diterjemahkan dalam bentuk angka-angka. Kode-kode ini biasanya menempel pada produk-produk makanan, minuman, alat elektronik dan buku. Sekarang ini, setiap kasir di supermarket atau pasar swalayan di Indonesia untuk mengidentifikasi produk yang dijualnya dengan barcode.

Gambar Barcode Reader

Gambar Barcode

g. Scanner
Scanner adalah sebuah alat yang dapat berfungsi untuk meng-copy atau menyalin gambar atau teks yang kemudian disimpan ke dalam memori komputer. Dari memori komputer selanjutnya, disimpan dalam harddisk ataupun floppy disk. Fungsi scanner ini mirip seperti mesin fotocopy, perbedaannya adalah mesin fotocopy hasilnya dapat dilihat pada kertas sedangkan scanner hasilnya dapat ditampilkan melalui monitor terlebih dahulu sehingga kita dapat melakukan perbaikan atau modifikasi dan kemudian dapat disimpan kembali baik dalam bentuk file text maupun file gambar. Selain scanner untuk gambar terdapat pula scan yang biasa digunakan untuk mendeteksi lembar jawaban komputer. Scanner yang biasa digunakan untuk melakukan scan lembar jawaban komputer adalah SCAN IR yang biasa digunakan untuk LJK (Lembar Jawaban Komputer) pada ulangan umum dan Ujian Nasional. Scan jenis ini terdiri dari lampu sensor yang disebut Optik, yang dapat mengenali jenis pensil 2B. Scanner yang beredar di pasaran adalah scanner untuk meng-copy gambar atau photo dan biasanya juga dilengkapi dengan fasilitas OCR (Optical Character Recognition) untuk mengcopy atau menyalin objek dalam bentuk teks.

Gambar Scanner

Saat ini telah dikembangkan scanner dengan teknologi DMR (Digital Mark Reader), dengan sistem kerja mirip seperti mesin scanner untuk koreksi lembar jawaban komputer, biodata dan formulir seperti formulir untuk pilihan sekolah. Dengan DMR lembar jawaban tidak harus dijawab menggunaan pensil 2 B, tapi dapat menggunakan alat tulis lainnya seperti pulpen dan spidol serta dapat menggunakan kertas biasa.

h. Kamera Digital
Perkembangan teknologi telah begitu canggih sehingga komputer mampu menerima input dari kamera. Kamera ini dinamakan dengan Kamera Digital dengan kualitas gambar lebih bagus dan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan cara menyalin gambar yang menggunakan scanner. Ketajaman gambar dari kamera digital ini ditentukan oleh pixel-nya. Kemudahan dan kepraktisan alat ini sangat membantu banyak kegiatan dan pekerjaan. Kamera digital tidak memerlukan film sebagaimana kamera biasa. Gambar yang diambil dengan kamera digital disimpan ke dalam memori kamera tersebut dalam bentuk file, kemudian dapat dipindahkan atau ditransfer ke komputer. Kamera digital yang beredar di pasaran saat ini ada berbagai macam jenis, mulai dari jenis kamera untuk mengambil gambar statis sampai dengan kamera yang dapat merekan gambar hidup atau bergerak seperti halnya video.

Kamera Digital

i. Mikropon dan Headphone
Unit masukan ini berfungsi untuk merekam atau memasukkan suara yang akan disimpan dalam memori komputer atau untuk mendengarkan suara. Dengan mikropon, kita dapat merekam suara ataupun dapat berbicara kepada orang yang kita inginkan pada saat chating. Penggunaan mikropon ini tentunya memerlukan perangkat keras lainnya yang berfungsi untuk menerima input suara yaitu sound card dan speaker untuk mendengarkan suara.

Gambar headphone

j. Graphics Pads
Teknologi Computer Aided Design (CAD) dapat membuat rancangan bangunan, rumah, mesin mobil, dan pesawat dengan menggunakan Graphics Pads. Graphics pads ini merupakan input masukan untuk menggambar objek pada monitor. Graphics pads yang digunakan mempunyai dua jenis. Pertama, menggunakan jarum (stylus) yang dihubungkan ke pad atau dengan memakai bantalan tegangan rendah, yang pada bantalan tersebut terdapat permukaan membrane sensitif sentuhan ( touch sensitive membrane surface). Tegangan rendah yang dikirimkan kemudian diterjemahkan menjadi koordinat X – Y. Kedua, menggunakan bantalan sensitif sentuh ( touch sensitive pad) tanpa menggunakan jarum. Cara kerjanya adalah dengan meletakkan kertas gambar pada bantalan, kemudian ditulisi dengan pensil.